Optical Fiber Cable 96 Cores With Stripes,ADSS aerial fiber optic cable, 100

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When governments do make the political decision to intervene in advanced telecommunications networks they will have to determine how they intervene. The intervention should foster competition and result in an open network that supports a competitive environment. Some elements to be considered for intervention and investments are: • Regulatory interventions should be limited to the extent that they compensate for the market failure. • When governments subsidise new networks or participate in public-private partnerships these should result in open networks that foster competition. It may be the case that a monopoly in the fixed infrastructure is unavoidable, but this should not lead to a monopoly either in wireless infrastructures built on top of this fixed infrastructure or in the provision of services over this infrastructure. • Governmentís role in investing in physical infrastructures and provisioning services should be on a gradual scale with roughly the following steps: i) Digging trenches and laying ducts, removing a significant part of the costs of rolling out a network. ii) Providing passive network infrastructure to which network providers can connect their active infrastructure. i) Providing an active network over which others can provide their services. iv) Providing services over the network to end-users. If governments are investing in networks and services, they should periodically evaluate whether there is still a necessity to do so and preferably state a fixed term at the start of the investment when the decision will be evaluated. • The business model of the network should not be made dependent upon the provision of services and network connections should be available separate to services. • A neutral and open network also requires a neutral and open interconnection point, where customers, network providers and service providers can connect to the network. • The network topology chosen for the network should be designed with competition in mind. A point to point network is therefore desirable over a PON-network. • Governments should differentiate as little as possible between service providers and users of the network. Differentiation between users and service providers should reflect costs, efforts and service levels, allowing users to become service providers without an additional barrier. The technology for telecommunications networks has quickly developed in the last decades. In the core of the network copper and wireless links have been replaced by fibre. Technological advances in fibre and laser technology have resulted in an abundance of available bandwidth in the core and backhaul networks and a subsequent drop in prices for bandwidth. This has enabled businesses and consumers to access the services of their choice on a global scale. In order to be able to deliver new services over the network, more bandwidth is necessary for the end-user and this has prompted telecommunications providers to evaluate various ways of delivering more bandwidth to end-users. Growth of bandwidth usage has been between 50% to 100% per year globally. Every new advance in bandwidth has enabled new services over the available bandwidth. Unfortunately bandwidth and service usage by end-users is not sufficiently documented. This makes it hard for policy makers to know what is enough bandwidth and to make international comparisons. Average demand of a household for bandwidth is expected to be around 50 Mbit/s downstream and 10-50 Mbit/s upstream for the period 2010-2020. The more bandwidth that becomes available to end-users, the easier it becomes to develop new services and technologies and for end-users to buy services from competing service providers. The development of fibre networks for long haul and back haul has shown that telecommunications networks may be over provisioned with capacity from the start, which might lead to intense competition on marginal costs. This has made investors wary of investing in new networks such as Fibre to the Home. The technology used in long haul and back haul networks is now migrating to the edges, ensuring that there will be enough capacity for future use. Evaluation of the various technological options has shown that wireless networking technologies have excellent characteristics of mobility and flexibility. However the bandwidth they can deliver is limited compared to wired technologies. The reality of wireless is such that in many urban areas, because of its shared nature and electromagnetic properties, it may be neither a technical nor an economically viable choice as a first mile technology. It will however be important in and around houses and businesses and for mobile use.