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The six-electrode large DC submerged arc furnace is a high-efficiency, large-capacity metallurgical smelting device optimized for large-scale ferroalloy, industrial silicon, and calcium carbide production. Building on the advantages of four-electrode furnaces, it adopts a hexagonal electrode layout to achieve more uniform current distribution, stronger electromagnetic stirring, and higher smelting efficiency, making it ideal for ultra-large-scale smelting projects (rated power ≥80MVA).
1. Basic Structure & Working Principle
Core Components
System
Key Components & Specifications
Electrode System
6 graphite/self-baking electrodes arranged in a regular hexagon; diameter 1000–1400mm; independent lifting & current adjustment mechanism for each electrode
Power Supply System
Thyristor rectifier transformer (split-type design: 2–3 rectifier cabinets in parallel); DC reactor; short-net with low-resistance copper busbar; rated power 80–150MVA
Furnace Body Structure
Steel shell + multi-layer refractory lining (corundum-magnesia brick + carbon ramming mass); conductive furnace bottom anode (graphite-carbon brick + copper conductive layer) to bear high current density (≤5A/cm²); furnace capacity 150–500t
Auxiliary Systems
High-flow cooling water system; PLC + DCS intelligent control system; closed-loop dust removal system; automatic quantitative feeding system
Working Principle
DC current is output from the rectifier system and distributed to the 6 top electrodes (cathodes). The arc is ignited between the electrodes and the charge, and the current flows through the submerged arc and molten pool to the conductive furnace bottom anode, forming a stable main circuit. The hexagonal electrode layout creates a symmetric electromagnetic field, driving the molten pool to perform high-intensity circular stirring. This accelerates the reduction reaction of ores and ensures uniform temperature and composition of the melt.
0.4–0.8kg/t (20% lower than four-electrode DC furnaces)
Cooling Water System
Total flow rate 800–1500m³/h; water pressure 0.45–0.65MPa; conductivity ≤50μS/cm
Dust Removal Efficiency
≥99.8%; emission concentration ≤5mg/m³
Electromagnetic Stirring Intensity
1.2–1.8T (magnetic induction intensity)
Lining Service Life
3–5 years (for ferroalloy smelting)
3. Core Advantages vs. Four-Electrode DC Submerged Arc Furnaces
Advantage
Detailed Description
Uniform Current & Temperature Distribution
Hexagonal electrode layout eliminates local hot spots in the molten pool; temperature difference within the furnace ≤50℃, ensuring consistent product composition
Higher Power Density & Smelting Efficiency
Supports ultra-high power input (up to 150MVA); smelting cycle shortened by 15–20% compared to four-electrode furnaces; hourly output increased by 20–30%
Lower Energy & Electrode Consumption
Symmetric electromagnetic field reduces arc energy loss; power consumption reduced by 8–12%; independent electrode current control avoids over-burning of single electrodes, cutting consumption by 20%
Stronger System Stability
Split-type power supply design: if one rectifier cabinet fails, the others can continue operating (load rate ≥60%); low voltage fluctuation (≤±5%), friendly to the power grid
Better Scalability
Modular electrode and power supply design allows step-by-step capacity expansion (e.g., upgrading from 80MVA to 150MVA without replacing the furnace body)
4. Application Scenarios
Ultra-Large Ferroalloy Production
Smelting high-carbon ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, silicomanganese, and ferrotungsten; suitable for projects with annual output ≥100,000 tons.
High-Purity Industrial Silicon Smelting
Produces silicon with purity ≥99.9% for semiconductor and photovoltaic industries; stable temperature field reduces impurity content.
Large-Scale Calcium Carbide Manufacturing
Single-furnace calcium carbide output ≥200t/batch; carbide content ≥85%; energy consumption reduced by 10–15% compared to traditional furnaces.
Rare Metal Ore Smelting
Reduction smelting of nickel-cobalt ore, tantalum-niobium ore, and vanadium-titanium magnetite; high alloy element recovery rate (≥97%).
5. Operation Key Points & Maintenance
Operation Precautions
Electrode Insertion Depth Control: Maintain 1.5–2.0m insertion depth per electrode to ensure submerged arc burning; avoid arc exposure (causes energy loss and dust emission).
Current Balance Adjustment: Keep the current difference between electrodes ≤5% via the DCS system; prevent overload of individual electrodes.
Slag System Optimization: Adopt high-basicity slag (R=2.0–2.5) to improve desulfurization rate (≥90%) and reduce lining erosion.
Maintenance Focus
Electrode Maintenance: Regularly check electrode joints for tightness; replace electrodes when the residual length is ≤500mm to avoid breakage.
Furnace Bottom Anode Inspection: Test the conductivity of the furnace bottom every 3 months; repair carbon ramming mass in time if cracks are found.
Cooling System Monitoring: Real-time monitor water flow and temperature difference of electrodes and furnace body; shut down immediately if water flow is insufficient to prevent burnout.
6. Technical Comparison with Four-Electrode DC Submerged Arc Furnaces
Feature
Six-Electrode Large DC Submerged Arc Furnace
Four-Electrode DC Submerged Arc Furnace
Electrode Layout
Regular hexagon (symmetric)
Square (asymmetric local current)
Max Rated Power
150MVA
63MVA
Temperature Uniformity
≤50℃ difference
80–120℃ difference
Power Consumption
3600–4500kWh/t
3800–4800kWh/t
Hourly Output
20–30% higher
Standard output
Retrofit Cost
High (new furnace body required)
Medium (retrofit from AC furnaces feasible)
Applicable Scale
Ultra-large (≥100,000t/year)
Medium-large (30,000–100,000t/year)
7. Development Trends
Intelligent Smelting: Integrate AI and IoT technologies to realize automatic adjustment of electrode current, feeding speed, and slag discharge; achieve unmanned on-site operation.
Energy Recycling: Combine waste heat power generation systems to recover flue gas heat (temperature ≥1200℃), reducing overall energy consumption by 20–25%.
Green Smelting: Adopt closed-loop furnace body design + dry dust removal to achieve zero wastewater discharge and ultra-low emission of pollutants.
Shaanxi Chengda Industrial Furnace Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise specialized in the research, design, and manufacturing of various industrial furnaces, including AC and DC steelmaking electric arc furnaces, ladle refining furnaces, ferroalloy ore thermal furnaces, ferroall... Shaanxi Chengda Industrial Furnace Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise specialized in the research, design, and manufacturing of various industrial furnaces, including AC and DC steelmaking electric arc furnaces, ladle refining furnaces, ferroalloy ore thermal furnaces, ferroall...